By Wolfgang Demtröder
This creation to Atomic and Molecular Physics explains how our current version of atoms and molecules has been constructed over the past centuries either by way of many experimental discoveries and, from the theoretical facet, through the creation of quantum physics to the sufficient description of micro-particles. It illustrates the wave version of debris through many examples and exhibits the bounds of classical description. The interplay of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules and its strength for spectroscopy is printed in additional aspect and specifically lasers as smooth spectroscopic instruments are mentioned extra completely. Many examples and issues of ideas are provided to motivate readers to actively interact in using and adapting the basic physics provided during this textbook to express situations.
Completely revised re-creation with new sections protecting all real advancements, like x-ray optics, ion-cyclotron-resonance spectrometer, attosecond lasers, ultraprecission frequency dimension and atomic interferometry.
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Extra info for Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic-, Molecular- and Quantum Physics
Sample text
The necessary energy to release an electron) is minimum. These spots are imaged by the electrons on the spherical anode (radius R) with a magnification factor M = R/r . With R = 10 cm and r = 10 nm a magnification of M = 107 is achieved (Fig. 24). Even with this device, only the locations of electron emission are measured but no direct information on the structure of atoms is obtained. If other atoms with a small work functions are brought to the cathode surface (for example by evaporating barium atoms from an oven near the cathode) then the electron emission mainly comes from these atoms.
A) Basic concept of the field emission microscope. (b) Enlarged view of the tungsten tip. (c) Image of the tungsten surface around the tip, 107 -fold enlarged on the screen of the field emission microscope. (d) Visualization of Ba atoms on the tungsten tip techniques it is possible to fabricate tips with r < 10 nm! This means that for a moderate voltage V = 1 kV the electric field at the surface of the tungsten tip is already E ≥ 1011 V/m. Such high electric fields exceed the internal atomic fields (see Sect.
11: a a/2 Fig. 9. 18) 15 16 2. The Concept of the Atom Si atoms. 11a,b) the Avogadro number y d1 α d3 NA = N · α3 d3 = a ⋅ sin α 3 d2 x a Fig. 11. Examples of crystal planes perpendicular to the drawing plane with different separations di where the lattice constant a gives the distance between neighboring atoms. If the crystal is turned against the direction of the incident beam, one obtains for different angles ϑm , maxima of the diffracted radiation, when dk · sin ϑ = a · sin αk · sin ϑm = m · λ for m = 1, 2, 3, .