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Exposed rocks can be slippery Unusual variations in water flow could indicate submerged rocks Trees on opposite bank provide shelter from wind after you exit water Lean on pole as you move your feet Don’t cross on outside of bends where water flows faster Shallow banks make entering and exiting water easier Gravel shoal could make good halfway point, but be aware of fast-flowing water channeled around it DIRECTION OF CURRENT Cross downstream of debris or fallen trees (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.

This will be due south. N Bisect angle between 12 o’clock and hour hand 12 o’clock marker SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE Here, the cardinal point nearest to the Sun is north. Point the 12 o’clock marker on your watch at the Sun and bisect the angle between 12 o’clock and the hour hand. This will be due north. NATURAL SIGNPOSTS ANIMALS AND INSECTS • You can study the natural environment for orientation tips. This is useful if you know the predominant wind direction of an area. In very windy areas, small animals and birds tend to nest or burrow on the lee-side of hills.

44), and draw them on the map from your chosen features. • Extend these lines farther over the map until they cross each other. The point at which the lines cross shows your location. If you want to be more accurate, repeat the process with a third feature. • • (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. 47 ON THE TRAIL | FINDING YOUR POSITION Finding your position ON THE TRAIL | CALCULATING DISTANCE Calculating distance There are several methods of calculating the distance you are walking, and a seasoned hiker will always use at least two of them at any one time.