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Experiments have shown that a separation of charge occurs at the interface between water and ice, or between © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Part 1 : Earth Atmosphere, Terrasphere, and Hydrosphere 31 ice surfaces with temperature and contaminant differences. Upward supercooled water droplets collide with downward soft hail, creating a temperature gradient, and ultimately charge separation in upward and downward moving components of the cloud. Charge separation induces an electrostatic potential, with propensity for discharge from cloud to cloud, or cloud to Earth.

Moving averages, of course, help to underscore trends in otherwise oscillating data. Additionally, it should be noted that a single estimate for yearly average global temperature is something of a stretch, as Southern Hemisphere temperatures are cooler than Northern Hemisphere temperatures (less land mass and fewer people). Highly industrialized activities are more numerous in the Northern Hemisphere and likely bias all temperature measurements. Prior to 1990, differences are small. From 1990 through 2009, differences from the moving average range 10% to 40% as a rough metric.

For instance, a projectile fired from the North Pole with a flight time, t, would suffer an apparent angular deflection, θcor , given by, θcor = ω t, because of the rotation of the Earth. 4o longitude, which is not inconsiderable. Coriolis effects are of greater significance in meteorological problems of winds and cyclonic circulation. Wind is simply air in motion, and in the absence of Coriolis forces, the direction of air flow would be along the pressure gradient, from high to low. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, forces deflect the wind flow to the right of the gradient, producing a counterclockwise cyclonic flow about low pressure systems.