By D. Howarth, Peter Loedel
David Howarth and Peter Loedel supply a theoretically encouraged account of the construction, layout, and operation of the ecu imperative financial institution, (ECB). matters explored contain the theoretical techniques to the ECB, the antecedents of eu financial authority, the various nationwide views on important financial institution independence, the complicated association of the financial institution, the problems of responsibility and the tricky first years of the ECB in operation.
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Extra info for The European Central Bank
Sample text
This was in part due to the creation of a new credit mechanism, the extension of the repayment period of credit supplied under the short-term monetary support mechanism and the enlargement of medium-term financial assistance for this repayment. Moreover, the governors were given additional powers: by unanimous vote, they could decide on the use of ‘debtor rallonges’ to extend additional credit beyond the automatic extension of repayment allowed to debtor countries. During the 1980s, these facilities were gradually extended.
The Werner Committee’s proposals on the move to EMU failed because of the fundamental divergence between the ‘economists’ (led by the Germans) and ‘monetarists’ (led by the French). The former saw institutional construction and the establishment of a ‘single’ currency as following after a necessary economic convergence. The latter saw a ‘single’ currency and monetary institutions as an initial step required to help achieve economic policy convergence (Tsoukalis 1977). Most members of the French neo-Gaullist government also saw the loss of sovereignty as unacceptable and French President Pompidou, who had first called for EMU, was forced to retreat to a more negative position.
Nonetheless, this chapter will not enter into the details regarding the progress of the discussions and negotiations on monetary integration. Readers should refer to the numerous studies of the move to EMU written by political scientists and historians (including, most notably, Dyson 1994; Ludlow 1982; Tsoukalis 1977) and economists and central bankers (including ECB Executive Board member Padoa-Schioppa 1994, 2000; Grahl 1997; Gros and Thygesen 1992, 1998; Kenen 1995; Steinherr 1994; Ungerer 1997).