By Slater J.C.
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Extra info for The Structure of the Helium Atom I
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So displacement cannot be measured directly. According to the inertia principle, we can only observe the motion if it has an acceleration. Seismic waves include transient motions and this implies that there must be acceleration. Velocity and displacement may be estimated, but inertial seismometers cannot detect any continuous component of them. Actually, the seismometer can measure only velocities or displacements associated with non-zero values of acceleration. As it will be shown, the response for ground velocity and for ground displacement approaches zero as frequency decreases.
5 27 Instrument Response Curves, Different Representation Usually, the standard displacement gain curve as shown in Fig. 4 is used. Sometimes we also want to know what the velocity and acceleration response functions look like for both the mechanical seismometer and the velocity seismometer. g. a mechanical or optical lever and a drum recorder). Similarly, for the velocity sensor we get the voltage response functions for ground velocity (with the correct polarity) T vv ðωÞ ¼ ω20 Àω2 À ω2 þ i2ωω0 h ð2:36Þ iω þ i2ωω0 h ð2:37Þ and for acceleration T av ðωÞ ¼ ω20 À ω2 If the sensor is an accelerometer, the response curves are the same as for the velocity sensor multiplied by iω, like the velocity sensor curve was just the mechanical sensor curve multiplied by iω.
18 shows the Sprengnether LP seismometer. This long period vertical seismometer (S-5007-V) was typically used in the WWSSN system. The period was claimed to be adjustable from 6 to 40 s, but in practice it is hard to use a period longer than 30 and 25 s is a stable value. The generator constant is 100 V/msÀ1. The instrument requires a very stable temperature environment and lots of space like the companion horizontal seismometer. 8 Construction of Seismic Sensors 41 Fig. 19 Measuring rotation using standard seismic sensors.