By Stephan C. Carlson
Topology of Surfaces, Knots, and Manifolds bargains an intuition-based and example-driven method of the fundamental principles and difficulties related to manifolds, relatively one- and two-dimensional manifolds. a mix of examples and routines leads the reader to expect normal definitions and theorems referring to curves, surfaces, knots, and links--the items of curiosity within the attractive set of mathematical principles referred to as "rubber sheet geometry." the result's a ebook that offers sturdy insurance of the maths underlying those issues.
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Sample text
A) gezeigt werden. Sei L = K (a1 ; : : : ; an ) wie in c). Setze K0 := K und Ki := K (a1 ; : : : ; ai ) fur i = 1; : : : ; n . d. Korollar. Sei L=K eine beliebige Korpererweiterung. Die Menge K aller uber K algebraischen Elemente von L ist ein Zwischenkorper von L=K . Beweis: Es ist zu zeigen: Fur Elemente x; y 2 K sind auch x + y; x y; x É y und, falls y 6= 0, auch x É y 1 uber K algebraisch. 14 ist K (x; y) : K ] < 1 . Dann sind alle Elemente von K (x; y) uber K algebraisch. Definition: Der Korper K aller uber K algebraischen Elemente von L hei t der algebraische Abschlu von K in L .
In Z ersetzt man Grad-Argumente durch entsprechende Argumente fur den Absolutbetrag. Fur f; g 2 K X ] n f0g hat man eine Kette von Gleichungen, die sich jeweils durch Division mit Rest ergeben: f =q Ég+r g =q Ér +r r = q Ér +r .. rn = qn É rn + rn rn = qn É rn 1 2 (3) 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 deg r < deg g deg r < deg r deg r < deg r .. deg rn < deg rn 1 2 1 3 2 1 +1 Da der Grad des Divisionsrestes bei jedem Schritt abnimmt, mu die Division nach endlich vielen Schritten schlie lich aufgehen. Satz.
Zeigen Sie: a) a und b sind nicht beide gerade und nicht beide ungerade. b) Ist a gerade und c > 0, so gibt es Zahlen u; v 2 Z mit 2 + + + + 3 2 (a; b; c) = (2uv; u 2 2 2 v ;u + v ) 2 2 2 c) Jedes Tripel (2uv; u v ; u + v ) mit u; v 2 Z ist pythagoraisch. Hinweis: In x 2, Aufg. 9 wurden die rationalen Losungen der Gleichung a +b = c diskutiert. 15) Sei n 2 Z kein Quadrat einer Zahl aus Z und sei 2 2 2 2 2 p p Qn := fa + b n j a; b 2 Q g ; Rn := fa + b n j a; b 2 Z g 2 2 x 4 Teilbarkeit in Ringen 54 p Fur x = a + b n 2 Qn ist die Norm N (x) von x gegeben durch N (x) := a nb a) Rn ist bzgl.