By Dimitrios J. Fletouris
''Offers specified information at the physiochemical houses, services and metabolism, toxicological and pharmacological results, regulatory keep watch over, antimicrobial resistance, and client perceptions of nutrients residue regulation.''
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Extra resources for Drug Residues in Foods: Pharmacology, Food Safety and Analysis
Sample text
Nonionized forms are more lipophilic whereas ionized forms more hydrophilic. Consequently, the nonionized forma are lipid soluble and able to permeate rapidly across cell membranes. This process is known as passive nonionic diffusion. On the other hand, the ionized forms, which tend to be less lipid soluble, cannot diffuse across the lipid phase of the cell membrane. Ionized molecules may also repelled from the cell surface by groups with similar charge, or may be attracted to it and held there by groups with opposite charge.
Ionized molecules may also repelled from the cell surface by groups with similar charge, or may be attracted to it and held there by groups with opposite charge. Ionized drug forms are, sometimes, unable to be filtered even through the aqueous pores of the membranes due to their own size or to the size they attain after the attraction of water molecules. Therefore, the ratio of the ionized to the nonionized form, which depends on the pKa of the drug and the pH of the medium, in any given tissue of the body is of major importance.
On the other hand, the ionized forms, which tend to be less lipid soluble, cannot diffuse across the lipid phase of the cell membrane. Ionized molecules may also repelled from the cell surface by groups with similar charge, or may be attracted to it and held there by groups with opposite charge. Ionized drug forms are, sometimes, unable to be filtered even through the aqueous pores of the membranes due to their own size or to the size they attain after the attraction of water molecules. Therefore, the ratio of the ionized to the nonionized form, which depends on the pKa of the drug and the pH of the medium, in any given tissue of the body is of major importance.