By Anja Röcke (auth.)
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Extra info for Framing Citizen Participation: Participatory Budgeting in France, Germany and the United Kingdom
Sample text
Civil servants, politicians, experts, civil society activists or networks);26 (2) the frames and strategies of these actors as well as their power position; and (3) the political context of the ‘borrowing’ (and the ‘host’) culture. The diffusion agents do not act in a social and political vacuum, as their frames, motivations and interests are shaped by the political context in their country. The existing institutional framework highly constraints the scope of action of policy-makers (Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996: 353–354): ‘Policy makers are inheritors before they are choosers; […] new programs cannot be constructed on green field sites […] they must be introduced into a policy environment dense with past commitments (Rose, 1993: 78).
Various local, regional, national and international organisations like the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank as well as territorial entities and nation states, praise the virtues of participation or related ideas like information, involvement, consultation, empowerment, 30 Citizen Participation and Democratic Innovations 31 governance, co-management, user-orientation and so on (Caddy and Peixoto, 2006; OECD, 2001; Schmitter and Trechsel, 2004; Pateman, 2012).
Transfer of decision power to participants and/or wider influence on political process (political power); 3. Influence of participants on procedural rules (procedural power); and 4. Measures to assure a high quality of deliberation (deliberation). 40 Framing Citizen Participation Each criterion requires some further explanation, as outlined in the following paragraphs. Participation: Many institutional devices of civic engagement face, like conventional politics, the problem of a socially highly selective participation.