By Dr. Martin Weyreuther, Dr. Christoph E. Heyde, Prof. Dr. Michael Westphal, Prof. Dr. Jan Zierski, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Weber (auth.)
This MRI atlas of the backbone is the fruit of interdisciplinary cooperation between radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, traumatologists, and neurosurgeons. it's a clinically orientated atlas that covers all vital illnesses and accidents of the backbone. abundant illustrations are supplemented through concise descriptions of anatomy and pathophysiology, the traditional and irregular MRI visual appeal, diagnostic pitfalls, and the medical value of MRI. The transparent and didactic type permits readers to revise the basics of spinal anatomy and affliction states as a foundation for knowing the diagnostic suggestions and surgical administration. via combining descriptions of the medical manifestation of spinal problems with the corresponding MRI findings, the authors wish to aid readers improve a significant method of the translation of MRI of the spine.
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Example text
It increases BMD and reduces LDL cholesterol. It does not stimulate the endometrium and is a potent antiestrogen in the breast. There have been many clinical studies with raloxifene. In the large Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial, a total of 25 7705 women who had a mean age of 65 years (low bone mass group) and 68 years (osteoporosis group) were randomly assigned to raloxifene (60 or 120 mg) or placebo daily and were followed up for a total of 8 years. There were significant increases in BMD at the spine and hip, and the risk of vertebral fracture was significantly reduced by 30 and 50 %, respectively, with raloxifene at 60 or 120 mg/day compared with placebo.
2011;22(10):2603–10. 1007/s00198-0101485-x [published Online First: Epub Date]. *Cooper C, Campion G, Melton 3rd LJ. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int. 1992;2(6):285–9. *Helpful projection of global hip fracture rates accounting for anticipated population changes. **Cooper C, Cole ZA, Holroyd CR, et al. Secular trends in the incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(5):1277–88. 1007/s00198-011-1601-6. [published Online First: Epub Date].
Similarly new bone-forming agents such as anti-sclerostin antibodies and dkk antagonists have their origin in studies of the genetics of wnt pathway modulators. Although the many genetic discoveries underlying the osteopetroses and other high-bone-mass disorders have inspired many pharmacological approaches, the treatment of osteopetrotic syndromes themselves remains challenging, but marrow transplantation, or interferons, can be helpful in selected cases [4]. 19 Bisphosphonates The bisphosphonates (BPs) were originally called diphosphonates, and their biological effects were first reported in 1969 [5–7].